Weight Loss Peptide Dosage Protocols

Open Protocolarrow_forward Amylin Analog

Dulaglutide (Trulicity) is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly under the code LY2189265 for type 2 diabetes. Unlike small-peptide GLP-1 drugs, it is a recombinant fusion biologic: two modified human GLP-1(7-37) analog chains, each carrying Ala8-to-Gly, Gly22-to-Glu and Arg36-to-Gly substitutions, joined by a peptide linker to a modified human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) Fc fragment. This roughly 63 kDa design resists DPP-4 cleavage and exploits neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) recycling to give an elimination half-life of about 5 days, enabling once-weekly subcutaneous injection. The standard Dulaglutide dosage starts at 0.75 mg once weekly, with a label maintenance dose of 1.5 mg and optional escalation to 3.0 mg and a maximum of 4.5 mg weekly, each step held for at least 4 weeks (AWARD-11). Mechanistically it stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying and reduces appetite through central GLP-1 receptors. Across the AWARD program it lowered HbA1c by roughly 1.1-1.8% and produced 1.5-4.6 kg of weight loss, and the REWIND cardiovascular outcomes trial showed a 12% relative reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events over 5.4 years. Dulaglutide is FDA-approved (2014) and EMA-approved for type 2 diabetes and for cardiovascular risk reduction in adults with type 2 diabetes; it is not approved for weight management. Research-grade vials are sold for laboratory use only.

Pramlintide

scienceVial: 5 mg | 1 mg/mL

Pramlintide (brand name Symlin) is a synthetic 37-amino-acid analog of human amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide), the beta-cell hormone co-secreted with insulin that is deficient in diabetes. It belongs to the amylinomimetic (amylin analog) class and differs from native amylin by three proline substitutions at positions 25, 28 and 29, which prevent the aggregation and insolubility that make human amylin unusable as a drug. Pramlintide lowers post-meal glucose through three non-insulin mechanisms: slowing gastric emptying, suppressing inappropriately elevated postprandial glucagon, and promoting central satiety, which also drives modest weight loss. The headline Pramlintide dosage is 15-60 mcg before each major meal for type 1 diabetes (started at 15 mcg and titrated in 15 mcg steps) and 60-120 mcg for type 2 diabetes, always as an adjunct to mealtime insulin and with a mandatory 50% reduction of mealtime insulin at initiation. Pramlintide is FDA-approved (March 2005) and carries a boxed warning for insulin-associated severe hypoglycemia; it is not marketed in the European Union. Unlike GLP-1 receptor agonists, pramlintide acts on the amylin pathway and does not stimulate insulin secretion. The subcutaneous reconstitution figures below model the labeled injection route for educational reference only.

Open Protocolarrow_forward Triple Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitor

Tesofensine

scienceVial: 5 mg | 2.5 mg/mL

Tesofensine (NS2330) is an orally active, small-molecule triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor, a phenyltropane derivative originally developed by the Danish company NeuroSearch and later licensed to Saniona. It blocks the presynaptic reuptake of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, raising synaptic monoamine tone in hypothalamic feeding circuits to suppress appetite and modestly increase energy expenditure. In the Phase 2 TIPO-1 trial, the trial-optimal Tesofensine dosage of 0.5 mg once daily produced roughly 9 to 11 kg of weight loss over 24 weeks, about double the effect of obesity drugs available at the time. The studied oral dosing range spans 0.25 mg to 1.0 mg once daily, with 0.5 mg representing the best efficacy-tolerability balance; the 1.0 mg dose adds little extra weight loss while increasing dry mouth, insomnia, blood pressure and heart rate. As a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor it acts on intake and expenditure rather than the incretin axis targeted by GLP-1 drugs. Tesofensine has an unusually long elimination half-life of about 9 days (around 220 to 234 hours) plus an active metabolite (NS2360) that persists even longer, so the drug accumulates over several weeks of daily dosing. Tesofensine is NOT approved by the FDA or EMA for any indication; it remains an investigational compound, and the reconstitution figures on this page are an educational reference only, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward Oral GLP-1 Agonist

Orforglipron

scienceVial: 30 mg | 20 mg/mL

Orforglipron (LY3502970) is a first-in-class oral, non-peptide small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Unlike injectable incretins such as semaglutide or tirzepatide, orforglipron is a synthetic small molecule (not a peptide), which lets it survive the gut and be taken as a once-daily tablet with no food or water restrictions. It works as a partial, Gs-biased agonist of the GLP-1 receptor, driving cyclic AMP signaling that lowers appetite, slows gastric emptying, and improves glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The typical Orforglipron dosage follows a slow titration that begins at 1 mg once daily and steps up roughly every four weeks toward Phase 3 maintenance doses of 6, 12, 24, or 36 mg/day, a deliberately gradual schedule used to limit gastrointestinal side effects. In the Phase 3 ATTAIN-1 obesity trial, 72 weeks of treatment produced mean weight reductions of 7.8%, 9.3%, and 12.4% at the 6, 12, and 36 mg doses versus 2.1% with placebo. Pharmacokinetics support once-daily dosing, with an elimination half-life of roughly 24 to 36 hours after a single dose. Orforglipron is investigational and is NOT approved by the FDA or EMA; following positive Phase 3 results, Eli Lilly initiated global regulatory submissions, and the compound is under review. The figures here are an educational dosing reference, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist

Pemvidutide

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/GIP Dual Agonist

Pemvidutide (ALT-801) is an investigational, once-weekly, balanced (1:1) GLP-1 receptor / glucagon receptor dual agonist developed by Altimmune for obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH/MASLD). It is a synthetic lipidated peptide that incorporates the proprietary EuPort albumin-binding domain, which extends its half-life to permit weekly subcutaneous injection while slowing entry into the bloodstream to improve tolerability. Mechanistically it pairs GLP-1 signaling (appetite suppression, glucose-dependent insulin secretion, delayed gastric emptying) with glucagon signaling (increased energy expenditure and hepatic lipid oxidation), an approach designed to mimic the complementary effects of diet and exercise. In the 48-week Phase 2 MOMENTUM obesity trial, the highest dose produced mean weight loss of about 15.6% versus 2.2% with placebo, and in Phase 2 MASLD/MASH studies it reduced liver fat by roughly 56-78% [1][2][4][5]. The headline Pemvidutide dosage studied in trials is 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 mg administered subcutaneously once weekly, with a short titration used for the 2.4 mg dose [2]. Pemvidutide is NOT approved by the FDA, EMA, or any regulator; it remains an investigational compound in clinical development, and the figures on this page are an educational reconstitution and dosing reference for research use only, not medical advice. Its true clinical route is subcutaneous injection, matching the protocol modeled below.

VK2735

scienceVial: 30 mg | 20 mg/mL

VK2735 is an investigational dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist peptide developed by Viking Therapeutics for obesity and overweight. It binds the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (IC50 ~188 nM) and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (IC50 ~325 nM), engaging both incretin pathways to suppress appetite, slow gastric emptying, and improve glycemic control. The headline VK2735 dosage studied in the Phase 2 VENTURE trial was 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg given by once-weekly subcutaneous injection over 13 weeks, with most arms titrated up from a 2.5 mg starting dose. At the top 15 mg dose, mean weight loss reached 14.7% from baseline with no plateau, and 88% of participants achieved a placebo-adjusted reduction of 10% or more. An oral tablet formulation has separately advanced through Phase 2 at once-daily doses of 30-120 mg (up to 12.2% weight loss), and the subcutaneous form is now in the Phase 3 VANQUISH program using 7.5, 12.5, and 17.5 mg weekly arms over 78 weeks. VK2735 carries an extended half-life of roughly 170-250 hours, which underpins once-weekly dosing. As a GLP-1/GIP dual agonist, VK2735 is NOT approved by the FDA or EMA for any use; it remains an investigational compound, and the reconstitution and dosing figures on this page are an educational research reference only, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/Amylin Dual Agonist

Amycretin

scienceVial: 20 mg | 10 mg/mL

Amycretin (proposed INN zenagamtide; Novo Nordisk development code NN9487) is an investigational unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor co-agonist — a single peptide built from covalently linked GLP-1 and amylin analogues and acylated with a C18 diacid fatty-acid chain that drives reversible albumin binding for a long half-life [1][8]. Unusually, it is being developed in both a once-weekly subcutaneous form and a once-daily oral tablet (co-formulated with the SNAC permeation enhancer used in oral semaglutide) [2]. The headline Amycretin dosage studied so far is a slowly titrated once-weekly subcutaneous schedule through maintenance doses of 1.25 mg, 5 mg, 20 mg and 60 mg; in the phase 1b/2a trial these produced estimated body-weight reductions of roughly 9.7%, 16.2%, 22.0% and 24.3% over 20–36 weeks, with no weight-loss plateau at the end of dosing [1][3]. The dual mechanism pairs GLP-1-driven satiety, slowed gastric emptying and glucose-dependent insulin secretion with amylin-receptor signalling that independently suppresses appetite, giving additive effects on energy intake. A separate phase 2 trial in 448 adults with type 2 diabetes reported HbA1c reductions up to 1.8% and weight loss up to 14.5% at 36 weeks [4]. Amycretin is NOT approved by the FDA or EMA; it is an investigational obesity/metabolic compound that advanced to phase 3 in 2025, and the reconstitution and dosing figures on this page are an educational reference only, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward Amylin Receptor Agonist

Petrelintide

scienceVial: 10 mg | 10 mg/mL

Petrelintide (development code ZP8396) is a long-acting, once-weekly amylin receptor agonist being developed by Zealand Pharma and Roche for obesity and overweight with weight-related comorbidities. It is a 36-amino-acid acylated peptide based on the human amylin sequence, engineered for balanced agonism at both the amylin and calcitonin receptors and a terminal half-life of roughly 10 days that supports weekly subcutaneous injection [1][8]. By activating amylin pathways in the hindbrain and hypothalamus, petrelintide enhances satiety, slows gastric emptying, and reduces food intake, producing fat-mass loss while largely preserving lean mass in preclinical models. The headline Petrelintide dosage studied in trials is once-weekly subcutaneous administration titrated to maintenance doses of 2.4, 4.8, or 9.0 mg; in a 16-week multiple-ascending-dose study these doses produced mean weight reductions of about 4.8%, 8.6%, and 8.3% versus 1.7% for placebo [6][7], and the larger Phase 2b ZUPREME-1 trial reported up to 10.7% mean weight loss at 42 weeks [2][3]. Petrelintide is investigational and is NOT approved by the FDA, EMA, or any regulator; the reconstitution and dosing figures on this page are an educational reference only, not medical advice. This page summarizes Petrelintide dosage ranges, mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and the amylin-analog drug class.

Open Protocolarrow_forward Amylin Receptor Agonist

Eloralintide

scienceVial: 30 mg | 10 mg/mL

Eloralintide (development code LY3841136) is an investigational long-acting amylin receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly for chronic weight management in obesity and overweight. It is a 37-amino-acid synthetic amylin analog engineered with three non-coded amino-acid residues, a methylene-thioacetal bridge that replaces native amylin's labile disulfide bond, and a C20 fatty-diacid chain conjugated at lysine-26 that drives reversible albumin binding and an exceptionally long elimination half-life of roughly 13 to 15 days. Mechanistically it is a selective full agonist of the human amylin-1 receptor (AMY1R), about 11- to 12-fold more potent at AMY1R than at the calcitonin receptor or AMY3R, a profile intended to reproduce amylin's satiety, gastric-emptying and glucagon-suppressing actions while limiting off-target receptor engagement. The headline Eloralintide dosage studied in its Phase 2 obesity trial was once-weekly subcutaneous dosing of 1, 3, 6 or 9 mg (plus stepwise escalation arms), producing mean 48-week weight reductions of roughly 9% to 20% versus 0.4% with placebo. Earlier Phase 1 single-dose work spanned 0.04 to 12 mg subcutaneously. Eloralintide is genuinely an injectable, once-weekly subcutaneous compound, so the reconstitution figures on this page track its real-world route. It is not approved by the FDA, EMA, or any regulator; it remains an investigational research compound, and this page is educational reference material, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward MC4R Agonist (Weight Loss)

Setmelanotide

scienceVial: 10 mg | 10 mg/mL

Setmelanotide (brand name Imcivree, development codes RM-493 and BIM-22493) is a synthetic cyclic octapeptide and selective melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist developed by Rhythm Pharmaceuticals for rare genetic and acquired forms of obesity. Modeled on the natural POMC-derived ligand alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), it re-activates the leptin-melanocortin satiety pathway in the hypothalamus to reduce hyperphagia, lower food intake, and increase energy expenditure. The standard Setmelanotide dosage is 2 mg subcutaneously once daily for adults and patients 12 and older, titrated after two weeks to a maximum of 3 mg/day; pediatric patients aged 6 to under 12 start at 1 mg and those 2 to under 6 at 0.5 mg, with weight-based titration. The drug is supplied as a 10 mg/mL solution and has an elimination half-life of roughly 11 hours, reaching steady state within about two days. In phase 3 trials, patients with POMC/PCSK1 deficiency lost a mean of about 25.6% of body weight and those with LEPR deficiency about 12.5% after one year. Setmelanotide is FDA-approved (2020) for POMC, PCSK1, and LEPR deficiency obesity, for Bardet-Biedl syndrome (2022), and for acquired hypothalamic obesity (2026); it is also EMA-authorized. This page summarizes the Setmelanotide dosage, reconstitution modeling, mechanism, pharmacokinetics, and side effects for educational reference only and is not medical advice.

scienceVial: 1 mg | 0.5 mg/mL

Exenatide

Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and a synthetic version of exendin-4, a 39-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). Marketed as Byetta (immediate-release, twice daily) and Bydureon / Bydureon BCise (extended-release, once weekly), it was the first GLP-1 agonist brought to market and is used as an adjunct to diet and exercise for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Mechanistically it shares about 50% sequence homology with native human GLP-1 but resists dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) degradation, so it enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and reduces food intake. The headline immediate-release Exenatide dosage is 5 mcg subcutaneously twice daily for the first month, increased to 10 mcg twice daily if tolerated; the extended-release microsphere formulation is dosed at a flat 2 mg once every 7 days. Immediate-release exenatide has a short ~2.4-hour half-life and is injected within 60 minutes before the morning and evening meals, while the weekly depot releases peptide gradually over roughly ten weeks. In the EXSCEL cardiovascular outcomes trial of 14,752 patients it showed cardiovascular safety with a nominal reduction in all-cause mortality, and in the DURATION program once-weekly exenatide lowered HbA1c by roughly 1.6 to 1.9%. Exenatide is FDA- and EMA-approved; research-grade lyophilized vials are sold for laboratory use only.

scienceVial: 1 mg | 0.33 mg/mL

Lixisenatide

Lixisenatide (development code AVE0010; brands Adlyxin in the US and Lyxumia in the EU) is a once-daily, short-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist developed by Sanofi for type 2 diabetes. It is a 44-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from exendin-4, the GLP-1 mimetic first isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum); deletion of one proline and addition of six C-terminal lysine residues makes it resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and gives it roughly four-fold higher affinity for the GLP-1 receptor than native GLP-1 [2]. Mechanistically it enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, and markedly slows gastric emptying, producing its strongest effect on post-prandial glucose. The established Lixisenatide dosage is a simple two-step titration: 10 mcg subcutaneously once daily for 14 days, then 20 mcg once daily as the maintenance dose, injected within one hour before the first meal [1]. With a terminal half-life of about 3 hours it is a prandial GLP-1 agonist, distinct from weekly agents like semaglutide [1][2]. Lixisenatide was FDA-approved (Adlyxin) in 2016 and EMA-approved (Lyxumia) in 2013, but Sanofi discontinued it in the US in January 2023 and the EU authorisation was later withdrawn, both for commercial rather than safety reasons [7][8]. Research-grade vials are sold for laboratory use only; the figures here are an educational reference, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist

Oxyntomodulin

scienceVial: 30 mg | 10 mg/mL

Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a native 37-amino-acid gut hormone and GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist cleaved from proglucagon by prohormone convertase 1/3 in intestinal L-cells. Structurally it is the full glucagon sequence extended by a C-terminal octapeptide, which lets one molecule activate both the GLP-1 receptor (appetite suppression, delayed gastric emptying, glucose-dependent insulin release) and the glucagon receptor (increased energy expenditure and hepatic fat oxidation). The most-studied Oxyntomodulin dosage in humans is 400 nmol, roughly 1.77 mg, injected subcutaneously three times a day, 30 minutes before each main meal, the regimen used in the four-week randomized controlled weight-loss trial by Wynne and colleagues, which produced about 2.3 kg of weight loss versus 0.5 kg on placebo. Acute intravenous infusion studies showed it cuts food intake by roughly 19% and suppresses ghrelin, while a separate crossover trial demonstrated a meaningful rise in activity-related energy expenditure. The defining limitation is pharmacokinetic: native OXM has a plasma half-life of only about 12 minutes because of rapid DPP-4 and neutral-endopeptidase degradation plus renal clearance, which is why dosing was frequent and pre-prandial and why drug developers moved to long-acting engineered analogs (cotadutide, survodutide, pemvidutide). Native oxyntomodulin is not approved by the FDA or EMA for any indication and remains an investigational research peptide. The figures here are an educational reconstitution reference, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1 Agonist / GIP Antagonist

MariTide

scienceVial: 420 mg | 420 mg/mL

MariTide (maridebart cafraglutide; development code AMG 133) is an investigational long-acting antibody-peptide conjugate from Amgen built for chronic weight management and type 2 diabetes. It is a bispecific molecule: a fully human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR), conjugated through amino-acid linkers to two glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist peptide analogues. This dual GLP-1R agonism plus GIPR antagonism, combined with an antibody scaffold, gives MariTide an exceptionally long ~21-day half-life that supports subcutaneous dosing once every four weeks (monthly) or even less frequently. The headline MariTide dosage studied in trials is 140, 280, and 420 mg administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks, with optional gradual dose escalation to improve gastrointestinal tolerability. In the Phase 2 trial published in NEJM (2025), MariTide produced mean weight reductions up to roughly 20% in people with obesity without diabetes and up to ~17% with type 2 diabetes (plus HbA1c reductions up to 2.2 points) at 52 weeks, with no apparent plateau. MariTide is NOT approved by the FDA or EMA; it remains an investigational drug being evaluated in the Phase 3 MARITIME program, with a primary readout anticipated around early 2027. The reconstitution and subcutaneous figures on this page are an educational reference for the GLP-1R agonist/GIPR antagonist conjugate class, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist

Cotadutide

scienceVial: 5 mg | 2.5 mg/mL

Cotadutide (MEDI0382) is an investigational, lipidated 30-amino-acid peptide that acts as a balanced dual agonist of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors. It belongs to the GLP-1/glucagon dual-agonist class of metabolic peptides and was engineered by MedImmune/AstraZeneca from the gut hormone oxyntomodulin, with a palmitic-acid (gamma-Glu) side chain added to a lysine to bind albumin and extend its half-life [2][7]. The most-studied Cotadutide dosage is a once-daily subcutaneous injection titrated stepwise from 50 mcg upward to 100 mcg, 200 mcg, and a 300 mcg maintenance dose, with some trials escalating to 600 mcg under safety monitoring [1][3]. Mechanistically, the GLP-1 arm drives glucose-dependent insulin secretion, slows gastric emptying, and suppresses appetite, while the glucagon arm raises energy expenditure and promotes hepatic fat oxidation and glycogenolysis, a combination that lowered blood glucose, body weight, and liver-fat/fibrosis markers across phase 2 studies [1][2][3][6]. Reported headline effects include roughly 3.4 to 5 percent body-weight reduction and meaningful HbA1c drops over 14 to 54 weeks [1][3]. Cotadutide is NOT approved by the FDA, EMA, or any regulator; AstraZeneca discontinued the once-daily program in 2023 to pursue a once-weekly co-agonist, so it remains a research-only compound [8]. The reconstitution, half-life, and protocol figures here are an educational reference, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/Glucagon Co-Agonist

Efinopegdutide

scienceVial: 20 mg | 10 mg/mL

Efinopegdutide (development codes MK-6024, JNJ-64565111 and HM12525A) is an investigational once-weekly GLP-1/glucagon receptor dual co-agonist originally engineered by Hanmi Pharmaceutical and advanced by Janssen and then Merck for obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH/NASH). It is a long-acting peptide attached to a proprietary flexible linker and immunoglobulin-Fc carrier that extends its terminal half-life to roughly 5 days, supporting subcutaneous once-weekly injection [7]. Mechanistically, the GLP-1 arm suppresses appetite, slows gastric emptying and enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, while the glucagon arm raises energy expenditure and drives hepatic fatty-acid oxidation, a combination especially suited to clearing liver fat [1][8]. The most-studied Efinopegdutide dosage is 5, 7.4 or 10 mg subcutaneously once weekly, with 10 mg the target dose reached after an 8-week titration in the liver-disease program [1][2][3]. In a Phase 2a NAFLD study, efinopegdutide 10 mg weekly reduced liver fat content by 72.7% versus 42.3% for semaglutide 1 mg at 24 weeks [1]; in a Phase 2 obesity dose-ranging study the 10 mg dose produced an 11.8% mean weight loss over 26 weeks [2]. The FDA granted efinopegdutide Fast Track designation for NASH in 2023 [5][6]. Efinopegdutide is not approved by the FDA, EMA or any regulator; it remains an investigational compound, and the reconstitution and dosing figures here are an educational reference only, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon Triple Agonist

Efocipegtrutide

scienceVial: 20 mg | 10 mg/mL

Efocipegtrutide (HM15211, "LAPS Triple Agonist") is an investigational long-acting peptide that simultaneously activates the GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, engineered by Hanmi Pharmaceutical using its LAPScovery platform, which conjugates the active peptide to a human IgG4-derived aglycosylated Fc fragment through a non-peptidyl flexible linker [5][7]. That Fc moiety preserves pH-dependent FcRn recycling, which extends the molecule's terminal half-life enough to support once-weekly subcutaneous dosing [3][5]. The headline Efocipegtrutide dosage studied in the Phase 2 biopsy-confirmed NASH/MASH program (NCT04505436, HM-TRIA-201) is 2 mg, 4 mg, or 6 mg by subcutaneous injection once weekly, given as fixed parallel-dose arms without titration [1][2]. Earlier single-ascending-dose (0.01-0.12 mg/kg) and 12-week multiple-dose Phase 1b/2a studies in obese subjects with NAFLD established the pharmacokinetics, weekly interval, and dose-dependent reductions in liver fat and body weight that justified the Phase 2 design [3][4]. The triple-agonist class pairs GLP-1/GIP-driven appetite suppression and insulinotropic action with glucagon-mediated increases in energy expenditure and hepatic fat oxidation, a combination of particular interest for metabolic-associated steatohepatitis [5][6]. Efocipegtrutide is NOT approved by the FDA or EMA for any indication; it remains a clinical-stage research compound (FDA Fast Track for MASH; orphan designations for IPF, PBC, and PSC) [5]. All reconstitution, half-life, and protocol figures on this page are an educational reference, not medical advice or a recommendation for human use.

Open Protocolarrow_forward cAMP-Biased GLP-1 Agonist

Ecnoglutide

Ecnoglutide (XW003) is a long-acting, cAMP signaling-biased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist developed by Sciwind Biosciences. It is built on the human GLP-1 backbone using only natural amino acids, with an alanine-to-valine substitution at position 8 (which blocks DPP-4 degradation) and an 18-carbon fatty-diacid chain conjugated to lysine-30 that binds serum albumin to extend its half-life [1]. Unlike conventional GLP-1 analogs, ecnoglutide is engineered to potently drive intracellular cAMP (EC50 about 0.018 nM) while triggering little receptor internalization, a "biased" profile thought to sustain insulin secretion and weight loss [1]. The typical Ecnoglutide dosage studied in phase 2-3 trials begins at 0.3 mg subcutaneously once weekly, escalated roughly every four weeks to maintenance doses of 0.4-1.2 mg for type 2 diabetes and 1.8-2.4 mg for chronic weight management [2][3][4]. With a steady-state half-life of roughly 124-138 hours, it supports true once-weekly dosing [1][4]. In a phase 3 obesity trial, 2.4 mg weekly produced about 13% placebo-adjusted body-weight loss over 40 weeks [3]. Ecnoglutide is NOT approved by the US FDA or the EMA; it was approved by China's NMPA in early 2026 for type 2 diabetes and chronic weight management, making it the first approved cAMP-biased GLP-1 agonist [7]. The figures here are an educational reconstitution reference, not medical advice.

scienceVial: 2 mg | 1 mg/mL

Beinaglutide

Beinaglutide is a recombinant human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1[7-36]) and a short-acting, prandial GLP-1 receptor agonist whose amino-acid sequence is 100% identical to native human GLP-1 (molecular formula C149H225N39O46) [8]. Developed by Shanghai Benemae Pharmaceutical (brand name Yishengtai) and approved by China's National Medical Products Administration in December 2016 for type 2 diabetes, it remains the only marketed GLP-1 drug with a fully human-identical sequence [2]. Because it is not engineered for DPP-4 resistance like semaglutide or liraglutide, it is cleared rapidly, with a short half-life and roughly a 2-hour duration of action, so it is dosed before meals rather than weekly [1][2]. The most-studied Beinaglutide dosage is 0.1 mg (100 mcg) subcutaneously three times daily, titrated to 0.2 mg (200 mcg) three times daily, for a total of 0.3-0.6 mg per day [1][2][3]. In clinical and real-world studies this prandial schedule lowered HbA1c, suppressed appetite and gastric emptying, and produced dose-dependent weight loss, with the largest reductions at about 0.6 mg/day [2][3][7]. Beinaglutide is approved only in China; it is not approved by the FDA or EMA, and its use for obesity remains investigational. The reconstitution and dosing figures on this page are an educational reference, not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/GIP Dual Agonist

CT-388

scienceVial: 30 mg | 20 mg/mL

CT-388 (also known as RO7795068 and the proposed INN enicepatide) is an investigational, once-weekly subcutaneous dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist developed by Carmot Therapeutics and advanced by Roche/Genentech for obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is a unimolecular, peptide-based co-agonist engineered to be cAMP signaling-biased at both the GLP-1 and GIP receptors, driving strong G-protein (Gs/cAMP) signaling while minimizing beta-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization relative to the native ligands [1]. With an elimination half-life of roughly 123 to 139 hours (about 5 to 6 days), it supports true once-weekly administration [1]. The CT-388 dosage characterized in trials spans 0.5 to 7.5 mg as single subcutaneous doses and weekly titration up to 24 mg; Phase II reported a placebo-adjusted weight loss of 22.5% at 48 weeks at the highest dose without reaching a plateau [1][2]. In an earlier Phase Ib study, higher doses produced an 18.8% placebo-adjusted reduction over 24 weeks [3]. CT-388's real-world route is genuinely subcutaneous, so the reconstitution figures below mirror that route as an educational reference. CT-388 is not approved by the FDA or EMA for any indication and remains an investigational research compound; the dosing, half-life, and protocol figures on this page are educational only and not medical advice.

Open Protocolarrow_forward GLP-1/GLP-2 Dual Agonist

Dapiglutide

scienceVial: 30 mg | 30 mg/mL

Dapiglutide (development code ZP 7570) is an investigational, first-in-class dual GLP-1 receptor and GLP-2 receptor agonist developed by Zealand Pharma for obesity and its inflammation-related comorbidities. Structurally it is a 33-amino-acid peptide carrying a C18 fatty-acyl chain that drives reversible albumin binding and extends the terminal half-life to roughly 123-129 hours (about five days), enabling once-weekly subcutaneous dosing. It is engineered to be roughly three times more selective for the GLP-1 receptor than the GLP-2 receptor: the GLP-1 arm suppresses appetite and slows gastric emptying to drive weight loss, while the GLP-2 arm improves intestinal barrier function and dampens low-grade inflammation. The investigational Dapiglutide dosage explored across the clinical program spans roughly 4-26 mg once weekly with gradual up-titration; a 28-week Phase 1b trial that escalated to 26 mg reported a mean 11.6% body-weight reduction versus 0.2% with placebo, whereas a lower-dose (4-6 mg) 12-week Phase 2a proof-of-concept trial did not separate statistically from placebo. The headline weekly range therefore centers on the higher 13-26 mg targets. Dapiglutide is not approved by the FDA, EMA or any other regulator; it remains a research compound and, per Zealand's most recent pipeline disclosure, active development has been paused. This page is an educational reconstitution and dosing reference only, not medical advice.

scienceVial: 15 mg | 10 mg/mL

Liraglutide

Liraglutide is a once-daily glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk under the code NN2211 and marketed as Victoza for type 2 diabetes and Saxenda for chronic weight management. It is an acylated analogue of native human GLP-1 sharing 97% sequence homology, modified with an Arg34-to-Lys substitution and a 16-carbon palmitoyl fatty-acid chain at Lys26 that drives reversible albumin binding and extends the half-life to roughly 13 hours, enabling daily subcutaneous dosing. The standard Liraglutide dosage for weight management titrates weekly from 0.6 mg to a 3.0 mg/day maintenance ceiling over five weeks; for glycemic control the Victoza ceiling is lower at 1.2 to a maximum 1.8 mg/day. Mechanistically it enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, slows gastric emptying, and acts on hypothalamic appetite centers to reduce energy intake. In the Phase 3 SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes trial, liraglutide 3.0 mg produced an 8.0% mean weight loss versus 2.6% with placebo at 56 weeks, and in the LEADER cardiovascular outcomes trial it cut major adverse cardiovascular events by 13% in high-risk type 2 diabetes. As a daily GLP-1 agonist it is pharmacologically distinct from weekly semaglutide and tirzepatide. Liraglutide is FDA- and EMA-approved; research-grade vials are sold for laboratory use only.

Survodutide

Open Protocolarrow_forward Incretin Mimetic & GLP-1

Survodutide (BI 456906) is a once-weekly dual glucagon-receptor (GCGR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist developed jointly by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma. In the Phase 2 dose-finding trial of 386 adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes, survodutide 4.8 mg weekly produced a mean body-weight reduction of 14.9% (all data) and 18.7% (on-treatment data) at 46 weeks versus 2.8% with placebo, with nearly 40% of high-dose participants losing ≥20% [1]. The drug is investigational — not FDA, EMA or any other regulator approved — and remains in Phase 3 development across the SYNCHRONIZE program for obesity, type 2 diabetes and MASH; topline obesity data are expected to read out in 2026–2027. Standard Phase 3 dosing escalates weekly from 0.6 mg through 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.6, 4.8 and 6.0 mg over a 10–12 week titration.

Tirzepatide

science4 vial sizes | 2.5 mg/mL

Tirzepatide is a once-weekly synthetic 39-amino-acid peptide that activates both the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, manufactured by Eli Lilly and marketed as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and Zepbound for chronic weight management. In the Phase 3 SURMOUNT-1 trial of 2,539 adults without diabetes, tirzepatide 15 mg weekly produced a mean body-weight reduction of 20.9% at 72 weeks versus 3.1% with placebo, with 57% of participants losing at least 20% of body weight [1]. FDA approval for type 2 diabetes was granted in May 2022 and for chronic weight management in November 2023; tirzepatide is approved in the EU, UK, Japan, China and most major markets. Doses escalate monthly from 2.5 mg up to 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and a 15 mg maintenance ceiling.

science2 vial sizes | 5 mg/mL

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1MQ (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium) is a small-molecule (not peptide) inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), the enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of nicotinamide using S-adenosyl-methionine as a methyl donor — a reaction that depletes both the methyl pool and the precursor pool for NAD+ synthesis. Developed from structure-activity work at the University of Texas at Austin, 5-Amino-1MQ was first reported by Neelakantan and colleagues (Biochem Pharmacol 2018) to reverse high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice without affecting food intake [1]. A second paper from the same group (Neelakantan et al., 2019) showed activation of senescent muscle stem cells and improvement in skeletal-muscle regeneration in aged mice [2]. 5-Amino-1MQ is investigational only, has no FDA approval for any indication, and is sold by research-chemical suppliers as a laboratory compound. Typical research dosing is 50–150 mg daily orally for 4–12 week cycles.

scienceVial: 10 mg | 3.33 mg/mL

Adipotide

Adipotide (FTPP, fat-targeting peptide-peptidomimetic) is a 22-amino-acid bipartite peptide consisting of a homing sequence (CKGGRAKDC) that selectively binds prohibitin on white-adipose-tissue blood vessels, conjugated via a glycine-glycine linker to a pro-apoptotic peptidomimetic sequence D(KLAKLAK)2 that disrupts mitochondrial membranes when internalized. Discovered by Kolonin and colleagues using in vivo phage display in obese mice and reported in Nature Medicine 2004 [1], the molecule was subsequently shown to produce 11% body-weight reduction in obese rhesus monkeys over 4 weeks (Barnhart et al., Science Translational Medicine 2011) [2]. Adipotide is investigational only — never tested in randomized human obesity trials, with the only registered human work being a small Phase 1 oncology trial in metastatic prostate cancer that was completed in 2014. The drug is not FDA approved, not in active clinical development for obesity, and remains a research-chemical compound.

Open Protocolarrow_forward Incretin Mimetic & GLP-1

Cagrilintide

science2 vial sizes | 1.67 mg/mL

Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic analogue of human amylin, the pancreatic hormone co-secreted with insulin that regulates satiety, gastric emptying and glucagon suppression. Developed by Novo Nordisk for once-weekly subcutaneous administration, it was designed as a partner peptide for semaglutide in the fixed-dose combination CagriSema. In the Phase 2 dose-finding trial published in The Lancet, cagrilintide 4.5 mg weekly produced a mean body-weight reduction of 10.8% at 26 weeks vs 3.0% with placebo, with cagrilintide 4.5 mg also out-performing daily liraglutide 3.0 mg on weight loss [1]. Cagrilintide as monotherapy is investigational and not FDA approved; the CagriSema combination was submitted for FDA NDA review in December 2025 based on REDEFINE Phase 3 data. Cagrilintide dosing escalates weekly from 0.16 mg through 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.5 mg over 16–20 weeks.